Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, Vol 27 No 3 (2023): 533 - 551

 

FLUOROQUINOLONE RESIDUES IN FOOD: OCCURRENCE AND ANALYTICAL METHODS - A MINI REVIEW FROM 2000 TO 2022

 

(Sisa Fluorokuinolon di dalam Makanan: Kemunculan dan Kaedah Analisis –

Satu Ulasan Mini Tempoh 2000 hingga 2022)

 

Wen Yu Foo, Saw Hong Loh, Wan Mohd Afiq Wan Mohd Khalik, and Marinah Mohd Ariffin*

 

Faculty of Science and Marine Environment,

Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

 

*Corresponding author: erin@umt.edu.my

 

 

Received: 13 March 2023; Accepted: 10 May 2023; Published:  23 June 2023

 

 

Abstract

Fluoroquinolones are used to treat and prevent serious bacterial infections. They are widely applied in the husbandry and veterinary areas as well as in the human medication scope. There is an emerging concern about the residues of fluoroquinolones in the environment. Once in the environment, especially in the water bodies, they will be taken up and accumulated in our livestock, which subsequently enters our body through our food resources. Therefore, the residues of fluoroquinolones in animal-based food are required to be monitored and assessed. The development of existing methods is crucial to provide accurate data on the fluoroquinolone residues in different food samples. This review presents an overview of the proposed methods from 2000 to 2022 for the analysis of fluoroquinolones in food samples. The extraction techniques were mostly combined with liquid chromatography and fluorescent detection. These methods allow for low detection limits and high recovery values. The ideal detection limit is less than 10 μg L-1. The main drawback of the screening test is low sensitivity and it may provide false positive results. A quantitative analytical method is important in giving the most accurate result from the determination of fluoroquinolones residues in different food matrices. One of the important factors to allow a low detection limit is the extraction method used. The solid phase extraction methods are the most widely used method for sample preparation. In addition, the physical and chemical properties, classification, toxicology, side effect of fluoroquinolones and occurrence of these residues in food samples were discussed in this paper.

 

Keywords: antibiotics, fluoroquinolones, food, extraction

 

Abstrak

Fluorokuinolon digunakan untuk merawat dan mencegah jangkitan bakteria yang serius. Ia digunakan secara meluas dalam bidang penternakan dan veterinar serta dalam skop perubatan manusia. Terdapat kebimbangan yang timbul tentang sisa fluorokuinolon di alam sekitar. Apabila berada di alam sekitar, terutamanya di dalam air, ia akan diambil dan terkumpul dalam ternakan kita, dan seterusnya memasuki badan kita melalui sumber makanan kita. Oleh itu, sisa fluorokuinolon dalam makanan berasaskan haiwan perlu dipantau dan dinilai. Pembangunan kaedah sedia ada adalah penting untuk menyediakan data yang tepat tentang sisa fluorokuinolon dalam sampel makanan yang berbeza. Kajian ini membentangkan gambaran keseluruhan kaedah yang dicadangkan terutamanya dari 2000 hingga 2022 untuk analisis fluorokuinolon dalam sampel makanan. Kaedah pengekstrakan yang paling banyak bergabungan dengan kromatografi cecair dan pengesanan pendarfluor. Kaedah ini membenarkan had pengesanan rendah dan nilai pemulihan yang tinggi. Had pengesanan yang ideal adalah kurang daripada 10 μg L-1. Kelemahan utama ujian saringan ialah kepekaan yang rendah dan ia mungkin memberikan keputusan positif palsu. Kaedah analisis kuantitatif adalah penting dalam memberikan hasil yang paling tepat daripada penentuan sisa fluorokuinolon dalam matriks makanan yang berbeza. Salah satu faktor penting untuk membenarkan had pengesanan yang rendah ialah kaedah pengekstrakan yang digunakan. Kaedah pengekstrakan fasa pepejal ialah kaedah yang paling banyak digunakan untuk penyediaan sampel. Di samping itu, sifat fizikal dan kimia, klasifikasi, toksikologi, kesan sampingan fluorokuinolon dan kejadian sisa ini dalam sampel makanan turut dibincangkan dalam kertas ini.

 

Kata kunci: antibiotik, fluorokuinolon, makanan, pengekstrakan

 

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