Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences Vol 24 No 6 (2020): 1024 - 1033

 

 

 

 

POLYMELAMINE/GOLD NANOPARTICLE-MODIFIED CARBON PASTE ELECTRODE AS VOLTAMMETRIC SENSOR OF URIC ACID

 

(Elektrod Pes Carbon Terubahsuai Polimelamin/Partikel Nano Emas sebagai Sensor Voltametrik bagi Asid Urik)

 

Muji Harsini¹*, Erna Fitriany^1,2, Ainy Nur Farida¹, Dianita Suryaningrum¹, Dimas Noor Asy’ari¹, Bernadeta Ayu Widyaningrum^1,3, Denok. Rizky Ayu Paramita^,4, Afaf Baktir¹, Fredy Kurniawan⁵

 

¹Department of Chemistry,

Faculty of Science and Technology,

Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia

²Akademi Farmasi Mitra Sehat Mandiri, Sidoarjo, Indonesia

⁴Akademi Farmasi Jember, Jember, Indonesia

⁵Department of Chemistry,

Faculty of Natural Science,

Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia

 

*Corresponding author:  muji-h@fst.unair.ac.id

 

 

Received: 18 July 2019; Accepted: 20 July 2020; Published:  xx December 2020

 

 

Abstract

Uric acid (UA), a vital biological substance, should be accurately detected in clinical monitoring and diagnosis. An electrochemical sensor was developed for UA determination based on polymelamine/gold nanoparticle-modified carbon paste electrode (AuNPs/PM/CPE). Carbon paste electrode (CPE) was made by mixing carbon and paraffin powder at a ratio of 7:3. PM/CPE was made using 1 mM melamine electropolymerisation in 0.1 M NaOH solution on the CPE surface with the cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique with a potential range of 0 to +1.6 V, and a scan rate of 100 mV/s. AuNPs/PM/CPE electrodes were made using Au electrodeposition on the PM/CPE surface using a 1 mM HAuCl₄ solution containing 0.1 M Na₂SO₄. Electrodeposition was performed by CV in the potential range of -0.6 to +1.5 V, with a scan rate of 50 mV/s. The electrocatalytic activity towards UA was systematically studied by CV techniques on the surface of CPE, PM/CPE, AuNPs/CPE, and AuNPs/PM/CPE in phosphate-buffered solution (PBS) at pH 7 with the potential of 0 V to + 1 V, and a scan rate of 100 mV/s. The effect of pH and the analysis of real samples using baby urine that had been diluted and spiked with UA were also studied. The results for bare CPE, and AuNPs/PM/CPE showed a 5-fold increase in anodic peak currents for UA. The optimum conditions were pH 5 (PBS 0.1 M) with the scan rate of 100 mV/s. Under this optimised condition, the modified electrode demonstrated high catalytic activity of UA oxidation. The differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique was used for quantitative analysis. The performance of AuNPs/PM/CPE electrodes has a linearity range, detection limit, sensitivity, precision, and accuracy of 0.1-11 µM, 0.0647 µM, 7.8592 µA/µM, 0.1107-0.3930%, and 82.45-107.23%, respectively.  The results of the UA analysis in the baby urine show that the recovery of the disposed sample was 99.41 ± 0.06%, indicating that these electrodes have good accuracy.

 

Keywords:  voltammetry, uric acid, polymelamine, gold nanoparticles, modified carbon electrode

 

Abstrak

Asid urik (UA), bahan biologi penting, mesti dikesan dengan tepat dalam pemantauan dan diagnosis klinikal. Penderia elektrokimia telah dibangunkan untuk pengesanan UA berdasarkan elektrod pes karbon terubahsuai nano partikel emas/polimelamin (AuNPs/PM/CPE). Elektrod pes karbon (CPE) disediakan dengan mencampurkan karbon dan serbuk parafin pada nisbah 7:3. PM/PCE dihasilkan menggunakan 1 mM elektropolimerisasi melamin dalam larutan 0.1 M NaOH pada permukaan CPE melalui teknik voltametri berkitar (CV) pada julat potensi 0 hingga +1.6 V dan kadar imbasan 100 mV/s. Elektrod AuNPs/PM/CPE dihasilkan menggunakan pengelektroendapan Au pada permukaan PM/CFE menggunakan larutan 1 mM HAuCl₄ yang mengandungi 0.1 M Na₂SO₄. Pengelektroendapan dilakukan menggunakan CV dalam julat potensi −0.6 hingga +1.5 V, dengan kadar imbasan 50 mV/s. Aktiviti elektropemangkinan UA dikaji secara sistematik menggunakan teknik CV pada permukaan CPE, PM/CPE, AuNPs/CPE, dan AuNPs/PM/CPE dalam larutan penimbal fosfat (PBS) pada pH 7 dengan julat potensi 0 hingga +1 V dan kadar imbasan 100 mV/s. Kesan pH dan analisis sampel sebenar menggunakan air kencing bayi yang dicairkan dan dicampur dengan UA juga dikaji. Keputusan bagi CPE terdedah dan AuNPs/PM/CPE menunjukkan peningkatan 5 kali ganda dalam arus puncak anodik bagi UA. Keadaan optimum adalah pada pH 5 (PBS 0.1 M) dengan kadar imbasan 100 mV/s. Pada keadaan optimum tersebut, elektrod terubah suai menunjukkan aktiviti pemangkinan pengoksidaan UA yang tinggi. Teknik voltametri denyut pembezaan (DPV) digunakan untuk analisis kuantitatif. Prestasi elektrod AuNPs/PM/CPE masing-masing mempunyai julat kelinearan, had pengesanan, kepekaan, kejituan, dan ketepatan pada 0.1–11 µM, 0.0647 µM, 7.8592 µA/µM, 0.1107%–0.3930%, dan 82.45%–107.23%.  Keputusan analisis UA dalam bayi air kencing menunjukkan bahawa perolehan sampel dilupuskan pada 99.41 ± 0.06%, menunjukkan elektrod ini mempunyai ketepatan yang baik.

 

Kata kunci:  voltametri, asid urik, polimelamin, nano partikel emas, elektrod karbon terubahsuai

 

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