Malaysian Journal of Analytical Asiences Vol 20 No 5 (2016): 1171 - 1180

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/mjas-2016-2005-24

KLASIFIKASI SEDIMEN MENGGUNAKAN TEKNIK ENVIROMETRIK: SATU KAJIAN KES DI SUNGAI PAHANG, MALAYSIA

(Sediment Classification using Envirometric Technique: A Study Case in Pahang River, Malaysia)

Frankie Marcus Ata¹, Mohd Khairul Amri Kamarudin^1,2*, Mohd Ekhwan Toriman^1,3, Mohd Saupi Mohd Zin¹, Nur Hishaam Sulaiman¹, Norjima Abd Wahab¹, Sarif Mohd Nasir³, Jamaluddin Mohamad Saad³

¹East Coast Environmental Research Institute (ESERI)

²Faculty of Design Arts and Engineering Technology

Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus, 21300 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia

³School of Social, Development and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities,

Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

*Corresponding author: mkhairulamri@unisza.edu.my

Received: 14 April 2015; Accepted: 3 August 2016

Abstract

Masalah sedimentasi merupakan masalah utama sungai di Malaysia. Analisis saiz partikel sedimen di sungai menyediakan maklumat yang berguna dalam menilai kadar dan corak hakisan, pengangkutan dan pemendapan pada sesuatu masa. Bahan-bahan sedimen dikelaskan mengikut saiz seperti pasir, kelodak dan liat. Kajian ini membincangkan hasil kajian mengenai analisis sedimentasi yang dijalankan di Sungai Pahang pada 3 hingga 6 Jun 2015. Sebanyak 13 stesen persampelan telah dipilih. Parameter yang telah diguna bagi tujuan kajian ini berdasarkan kepada jenis taburan saiz partikal sedimen (g). Pengelasan mengikut saiz bahan telah dikira dan ditentukan melalui nilai skala Phi (ø) bagi mengira pelbagai parameter penentuan sedimen seperti min (M), sisihan piawai (D) dan pencongan (S). Di dalam kajian ini, teknik envirometrik digunakan untuk mengelaskan setiap parameter sedimen yang telah dianalisis. Hasil pengelasan mendapati setiap parameter min, pencongan dan sisihan piawai mempunyai tiga kelas utama yang mendominasi iaitu pasir kasar, pasir sederhana dan pasir halus. Analisis saiz partikel sedimen (M) menunjukkan bahawa, di bahagian tebing kanan kiri dan tengah sungai adalah didominasi pasir bersaiz butiran halus dengan nilai phi 2 ke phi 3. Tahap keseragaman sedimen atau sisihan piawai (D) di kawasan kajian mempunyai butiran pasir yang halus dengan skala keseragaman yang buruk direkodkan iaitu phi 1 ke phi 2. Bagi nilai pencongan (S), saiz sedimen yang terdapat di kawasan kajian adalah bersaiz kasar dan sangat kasar iaitu di antara phi -0.1 ke phi -0.3 dan phi -0.3 ke phi -1. Oleh yang demikian, kawasan Sungai Pahang merupakan kawasan yang mudah mengalami perubahan geomorfologi akibat daripada struktur tanihnya yang bersifat mudah dihakis oleh hujan dan perubahan kadar luahan sungai.

Kata kunci: sedimentasi, saiz partikel sedimen, teknik envirometrik, skala phi, Sungai Pahang

Abstract

Sedimentation is a main river problem in Malaysia. Particle size sediments analysis the river provides useful information to evaluate the rate and pattern of erosion, transportation and deposition at a time. The sediments sizes are classified according to sand, silt and clay. This study discusses about the results of sedimentation analysis at the Pahang River from 3 until 6 June 2015. 13 sampling stations were selected. The parameters used in this study are based on grain size distribution (g). Total of different sizes of material classifications were calculated using Phi scale (ø) in older to statistically calculate their mean (M), standard deviation (D) and skewness (S). In this study, envirometrics technique were used to analyzed the classify parameter of this sediments. The classify results for each parameters mean, skewness and standard deviation has dominated by three main class like coarse sand, medium sand and fine sand size. Analysis of particle size sediment (M) shows the middle, right and left bank river is dominated by fine grain size with the phi 2 to phi 3. The uniformity of sediment or standard deviation (D) on the study areas has a worst with the fine grain sand with the phi 1 to phi 2. For the skewness (S), sediment size in study areas is coarse and very coarse size with phi -0.1 to phi -0.3 and phi -0.3 to phi -1. Therefore, Pahang River areas is an easily to change as a geomorphology landscape that are easily eroded by rain and change of the discharge rate.

Keywords: sedimentation, particle size, envirometrics technique, phi scale, Pahang River

Rujukan

1. Abdullah N. W and Toriman M. E. (2011). Ciri persekitaran hidrologi dan sedimentasi Sungai Telom, Cameron Higlands. Jurnal e-Bangi. 2 (5): 161 – 172.

2. Yang, C. T. (1996). Sediment Transport: Theory and Practice. McGraw-Hill, New York.

3. Toriman M. E., Ata F. M., Kamarudin M. K. A. and Idris M., (2013). Bed-load sediment profile and effect of river bank erosion on river cross-section. American Journal of Environment Sciences, 6: 292 –300.

4. Toriman M. E., Kamarudin M. K. A., Abd Aziz N. A., Gasim M. B., Idris M. and Jamil N. R. (2009). Modeling the hydrologic-hydraulic of backwater flow and sediment particle size analysis in Sungai Chini, Pahang. Jurnal e-Bangi. 4 (1): 56 – 69.

5. Kamarudin M. K. A., Idris M. and Toriman M. E., (2013). Analysis of Leptobarbus hoevenii in control environment at natural lakes. American Journal of Agriculture Biological Science, 8: 142 –148.

6. Toriman M. E. (2006). Hakisan muara dan Pantai Kuala Kemaman, Terengganu: Permasalahan dimensi fizikal dan sosial. Akademika, 69: 37 – 55.

7. Tongkul F., (2000). Sedimentologi. Penerbitan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. Bangi. Selangor. Malaysia.

8. Kamarudin M .K. A., Toriman M. E., Rosli M. H., Juahir H., Azid A., Mohamed Zainuddin S.F., Abdul Aziz N. A. and Sulaiman W. N. A., (2015). Analysis of meander evolution studies on effect from land use and climate change at upstream reach of Pahang River, Malaysia. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 20 (8):1319 – 1334.

9. Ismail W. R. (1994). Pengantar Hidrologi. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia.

10. Jaafar O., Toriman M. E., Sharifah Mastura S.A., Gazim M. B., Lan P. I., Abdullah P., Kamarudin M. K. A. and Abdul Aziz N. A. (2010). Modeling the impacts of ringlet reservoir on downstream hydraulic capacity of Bertam River using XPSWMM in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. Research Journal of Applied Sciences 5 (2): 47 – 53.

11. Friedman, G. M and Johnson, K. G. (1982). Exercises in sedimentology. New York: Chichester Brisbane Toronto Singapore.

12. Kamarudin M. K. A, Toriman M. E, Sharifah Mastura S. A., Idris M., Jamil N. R and Gasim M. B. (2009). Temporal variability on lowland river sediment properties and yield. American Journal of Environmental Sciences 5 (5): 657 – 663.

13. Udden J. A. (1914). Mechanical composition of clastic sediments. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 25: 655 – 744.

14. Wentworth C. K. (1922). A scale of grade and class terms for clastic sediments. Journal of Geology, 30: 377 – 392.

15. Boltt S. J. and Pey K. (2001). Gradistat: A grain size distribution and statistics package for the analysis of unconsolidated sediments. Earth Surf. Process. Landforms, 26: 1237 – 1248.

16. Kamarudin M. K. A, Toriman M. E, Sulaiman N. H, Ata F. M, Gasim M. B, Muhamad A., Yusoff W. A, Mokhtar M., Amran M. A. and Abd Aziz N. A. (2015). Classification of Tropical River using Chemometrics technique: case study in Pahang River, Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 19(5): 1001 – 1018.

17. Toriman M. E., Gasim M. B., Yusop Z., Shahid I., Sharifah Mastura S. A., Abdullah P., Jaafar M., Abd Aziz N. A., Kamarudin M.K.A., Jaafar O., Karim O., Juahir H. & Jamil N. R. (2012). Use of 137Cs activity to investigate sediment movement and transport modeling in river coastal environment. American Journal of Environmental Science, 8: 417 – 423.

18. Kairytė, M. and Stevens, R. L. (2015). Composite methodology for interpreting sediment transport pathways from spatial trends in grain size: A case study of the Lithuanian coast. Sedimentology. 62(3): 681 – 696.